瀝青混凝土（Asphalt Concrete，AC）是一種由瀝青作為膠凝材料，與骨料、填料等混合而成的高性能路面材料，其配合比設計及優化需兼顧高溫穩定性、低溫抗裂性、水穩定性及經濟性。以下是其設計及優化的關鍵步驟和方法：

　　Asphalt concrete (AC) is a high-performance pavement material made by mixing asphalt as a binder with aggregates, fillers, etc. Its mix design and optimization need to take into account high temperature stability, low temperature crack resistance, water stability, and economy. The following are the key steps and methods for its design and optimization:

　　一、瀝青混凝土配合比設計步驟

　　1、 Design steps for asphalt concrete mix proportion

　　1. 確定性能目標

　　1. Determine performance targets

　　路用性能：高溫抗車轍性（動穩定度）、低溫抗裂性（彎曲應變能）、水穩定性（凍融劈裂比）等。

　　Road performance: high temperature rutting resistance (dynamic stability), low temperature crack resistance (bending strain energy), water stability (freeze-thaw splitting ratio), etc.

　　施工要求：拌合溫度、壓實性能（空隙率范圍3%~5%）、和易性。

　　Construction requirements: mixing temperature, compaction performance (porosity range of 3%~5%), and workability.

　　經濟性：控制瀝青用量，減少成本。

　　Economy: Control the amount of asphalt used to reduce costs.

　　2. 選擇原材料

　　2. Select raw materials

　　瀝青：根據氣候條件選擇標號（如70#、90#石油瀝青）或改性瀝青（SBS、橡膠改性）。

　　Asphalt: Select the grade (such as 70 #, 90 # petroleum asphalt) or modified asphalt (SBS, rubber modified) according to climatic conditions.

　　骨料：粗集料（粒徑≥2.36 mm，玄武巖、石灰巖）、細集料（0.075~2.36 mm，機制砂）、礦粉（粒徑<0.075 mm，石灰石粉）。

　　Aggregate: coarse aggregate (particle size ≥ 2.36 mm, basalt, limestone), fine aggregate (0.075-2.36 mm, machine-made sand), mineral powder (particle size<0.075mm, limestone powder).

　　添加劑：抗剝落劑（改善瀝青-骨料黏附性）、纖維（木質素纖維、聚酯纖維增強抗裂性）。

　　Additives: Anti stripping agent (improves asphalt aggregate adhesion), fibers (lignin fibers, polyester fibers enhance crack resistance).

　　3. 初步配合比設計

　　3. Preliminary mix design

　　級配設計：按規范（如JTG F40）選擇級配類型（連續級配AC、間斷級配SMA、開級配OGFC），通過篩分試驗確定骨料比例。

　　Grading design: Select grading types (continuous grading AC, intermittent grading SMA, open grading OGFC) according to specifications (such as JTG F40), and determine the proportion of aggregates through screening tests.

　　油石比（瀝青含量）：初選油石比范圍（如AC-13通常為4.5%~6.0%），通過經驗公式或查表法估算。

　　Oil stone ratio (asphalt content): The initial range of oil stone ratio (such as AC-13, usually 4.5%~6.0%) is estimated through empirical formulas or table lookup methods.

　　體積參數計算：目標空隙率（3%~5%）、礦料間隙率（VMA）、瀝青飽和度（VFA）。

　　Volume parameter calculation: target porosity (3%~5%), mineral aggregate porosity (VMA), asphalt saturation (VFA).

　　4. 試配與性能驗證（馬歇爾試驗）

　　4. Trial assembly and performance verification (Marshall test)

　　按初選級配和油石比制備試件，測試馬歇爾穩定度、流值、體積參數。

　　Prepare specimens according to the initial grading and oil stone ratio, and test Marshall stability, flow value, and volume parameters.

　　若空隙率或穩定度不達標，調整級配曲線或油石比。

　　If the porosity or stability does not meet the standard, adjust the grading curve or oil stone ratio.

　　二、配合比優化方法

　　2、 Mix proportion optimization method

　　1. 正交試驗法

　　1. Orthogonal experimental method

　　以油石比、纖維摻量、級配類型為變量，分析其對車轍深度、低溫應變的影響。

　　Analyze the effects of oil stone ratio, fiber content, and grading type on rut depth and low-temperature strain.

　　示例：研究油石比（4.5%、5.0%、5.5%）與纖維摻量（0%、0.3%、0.5%）的組合效應。

　　Example: Study the combined effect of oil stone ratio (4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%) and fiber content (0%, 0.3%, 0.5%).

　　2. Superpave設計法

　　2. Superpave design method

　　基于性能的PG（Performance Grade）分級，通過旋轉壓實儀（SGC）模擬現場壓實，優化級配與瀝青用量。

　　Performance Grade (PG) grading based on performance, simulated on-site compaction using a gyratory compactor (SGC), optimized grading and asphalt content.

　　控制設計壓實次數（N_initial、N_design、N_max）下的空隙率。

　　Control the porosity under the designed compaction times (N_initial, N_design, N_max).

　　3. 數值模擬優化

　　3. Numerical simulation optimization

　　離散元法（DEM）模擬骨料堆積與瀝青膜分布，優化級配減少空隙。

　　Discrete Element Method (DEM) is used to simulate aggregate accumulation and asphalt film distribution, optimize gradation and reduce voids.

　　有限元分析（FEA）預測路面應力分布，指導抗車轍設計。

　　Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to predict the stress distribution of road surfaces and guide anti rutting design.

　　4. 多目標優化算法

　　4. Multi objective optimization algorithm

　　結合響應面法（RSM）或遺傳算法（GA），平衡高溫性能與低溫性能的矛盾需求。

　　Combining response surface methodology (RSM) or genetic algorithm (GA) to balance the conflicting demands of high temperature performance and low temperature performance.

　　示例：以動穩定度>800次/mm、凍融劈裂比>80%為目標，優化油石比與礦粉含量。

　　Example: Optimize the oil stone ratio and mineral powder content with the goal of dynamic stability>800 times/mm and freeze-thaw splitting ratio>80%.

　　三、常見問題與解決方案

　　3、 Common Problems and Solutions

　　高溫車轍

　　High temperature ruts

　　提高粗集料比例（增強骨架結構）；使用改性瀝青或添加抗車轍劑（如PR Plast）。

　　Increase the proportion of coarse aggregate (enhance the skeleton structure); Use modified asphalt or add anti rutting agents (such as PR Plast).

　　低溫開裂

　　Low temperature cracking

　　增加瀝青用量或采用低標號瀝青；摻加橡膠粉（提升柔韌性）。

　　Increase the amount of asphalt or use low-grade asphalt; Add rubber powder to enhance flexibility.

　　水損害

　　water damage

　　添加抗剝落劑（如胺類、石灰）；優化礦粉比例（增強瀝青-骨料黏附性）。

　　Add anti stripping agents (such as amines, lime); Optimize the proportion of mineral powder (enhance the adhesion between asphalt and aggregate).

　　空隙率不達標

　　The porosity does not meet the standard

　　調整細集料或礦粉含量；優化壓實工藝（溫度、碾壓遍數）。

　　Adjust the content of fine aggregate or mineral powder; Optimize compaction process (temperature, number of rolling passes).

　　四、典型案例

　　4、 Typical case

　　案例：重載交通高速公路AC-20配合比優化

　　Case: Optimization of AC-20 Mix Proportion for Heavy duty Transportation Highways

　　目標：動穩定度≥1000次/mm，空隙率4%~6%。

　　Goal: Dynamic stability ≥ 1000 times/mm, porosity 4%~6%.

　　配比：

　　mixture ratio:

　　瀝青：SBS改性瀝青（PG76-22），油石比4.8%。

　　Asphalt: SBS modified asphalt (PG76-22), with an asphalt to stone ratio of 4.8%.

　　級配：粗集料（5~20 mm石灰巖）占比60%，細集料（0~5 mm機制砂）占比30%，礦粉10%。

　　Grading: Coarse aggregate (5-20mm limestone) accounts for 60%, fine aggregate (0-5mm machine-made sand) accounts for 30%, and mineral powder accounts for 10%.

　　添加劑：0.3%木質素纖維。

　　Additive: 0.3% lignin fiber.

　　優化結果：動穩定度1200次/mm，凍融劈裂比85%，滿足重載道路要求。

　　Optimization results: Dynamic stability of 1200 times/mm, freeze-thaw splitting ratio of 85%, meeting the requirements of heavy-duty roads.

　　五、環保與再生技術

　　5、 Environmental Protection and Recycling Technology

　　溫拌瀝青技術：添加降黏劑（Sasobit），降低拌合溫度（120~140℃），減少碳排放。

　　Warm mix asphalt technology: Adding a viscosity reducer (Sasobit) to lower the mixing temperature (120-140 ℃) and reduce carbon emissions.

　　再生瀝青混合料（RAP）：舊料摻量可達30%~50%，需調整新瀝青與再生劑比例。

　　Recycled asphalt mixture (RAP): The old material content can reach 30%~50%, and the ratio of new asphalt to rejuvenator needs to be adjusted.

　　六、未來研究方向

　　6、 Future research directions

　　智能材料：自愈合瀝青（微膠囊修復劑）、導電瀝青（融雪化冰）。

　　Intelligent materials: self-healing asphalt (microcapsule repair agent), conductive asphalt (snow melting and ice melting).

　　綠色化：生物瀝青（植物油基）、高比例RAP應用技術。

　　Greening: Application technology of bio asphalt (plant-based) and high proportion RAP.

　　數字化設計：基于AI的級配優化與性能預測。

　　Digital Design: AI based Grading Optimization and Performance Prediction.

　　通過科學的配合比設計與優化，瀝青混凝土可適應不同氣候與交通條件，在高速公路、機場跑道、城市道路等領域發揮關鍵作用。實際工程中需結合現場試驗與長期性能監測，持續改進配比方案。

　　Through scientific mix design and optimization, asphalt concrete can adapt to different climate and traffic conditions, playing a key role in areas such as highways, airport runways, and urban roads. In practical engineering, it is necessary to combine on-site testing and long-term performance monitoring to continuously improve the proportioning scheme.

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